Figure3 shows the distribution of the simulated ice thickness in Batura Glacier. BGIG. 1) were selected. Article Antarct. A reduced elevation change is visible below 4000m a.s.l., and the change varied widely. Article ADS Rather, it could be obtained from either ablation stake measurement or using equation methods. PubMed Central New glacial lakes also formed due to glaciers thinning and retreating of this region. The outline of Batura Glacier was obtained from Glacier Inventory of Pakistan (GIP)28. Risks of Glaciers Lakes Outburst Flood along China - IntechOpen The maximum error (for our highest thickness measurement, i.e., 201m) is 2.4m. Another source of uncertainty is the accuracy of travel time, which was determined to be10ns (=1.6m) from the oscilloscope trace. in the HimalayanKarakoram region4. 10, 668673 (2017). ESA - European Space Agency A remarkable meltdown and retreat was observed near the terminus during 19742000. See Days 1-2 of the Batura Glacier trek for the description between China Camp and Yashpirt. Thank you for visiting nature.com. Article The rate of surface elevation change of Batura Glacier is determined from point measurements recordeds between 1974 and 2017 (Fig. Res: Earth Surf. in 197427. Ann Glaciol. A slope-dependent estimation model (GlabTop2) was used to calculate the ice thickness of Batura Glacier. The measurement data were used to validate the results of a simulation of an ice thickness distribution model (GlabTop2). Secondly, the surface decreasing rates of Batura tongues are stable. Here, a remaining unknown variable of the mass conservation equation was determined from the other two by selecting appropriate known variables. Bhambri R, Hewitt K, Kawishwar P, Pratap B. Surge-Type and Surge-Modified Glaciers in the Karakoram. Farinotti, D. et al. Berthier E, Raup B, Scambos T. New Velocity Map and Mass-Balance Estimate of Mertz Glacier, East Antarctica, Derived From Landsat Sequential Imagery. Topography of Batura Glacier with ice thickness measurement and ICESat footprint. Ice thickness was simulated by GlabTop2, which is a grid-based and slope-dependent estimation model4,35. Maps / Info : At 35 miles (57 km) in length, the Batura Glacier is one of the world's longest outside of the polar regions. 2) to cross area calculation. This map was generated from open-source datasets using ArcGIS version 10.3 (https://www.esri.com/zh-cn/arcgis/products/arcgis-pro/overview). This Gilgit-Baltistan location article is a stub. Cryosphere. Table 11.3 in The Physics of Glaciers45). and transmitted securely. For example, the average surface mass balance in the section P1108 (5.320.78m a1 of ice in 19741975) has been increased substantially to 1.811.29m a1 in 20072011. Specifically, we compared values of glacier bed position simulated by the GlabTop2 model with GPR measurement data. ADS Fischer, A. Batura Glacier Trek - Tour De Rakaposhi Separating Snow, Clean and Debris Covered Ice in the Upper Indus Basin, Hindukush-Karakoram-Himalayas, Using Landsat Images Between 1998 and 2002. The ice fluxes through each FG for two periods are estimated as follows: where s represents the area of the cross-section and U is the component of ice velocity perpendicular to the cross-section. We are grateful to all those who had participated in collecting the extensive field measurements on Batura. There is a 17 year difference between the model input data and GPR measurement. Batura Glacier. Boxplot of rate of change in Batura Glacier surface elevation at different sections: derived from the difference between field survey results of 1974 and of SRTM DEM of 2000 (Blue box), ICESat data of 20002009 (Grey box)33, the difference between SRTM DEM of 2000 (http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org) and field survey of 2017 (Red box), and ASTER DEMs of 2000 and 2016 (Yellow box)32. Geol. In the present study, bacterial communities in ice, water, and sediments of Batura Glacier were investigated using culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. CAS Stable or marginal mass loss dominate in Karakoram (Karakoram Anomaly), whereas glaciers worldwide are retreating10,11. The yellow dots indicate GPR measurements of ice thickness in 2017. The higher NashSutcliffe efficiency (NSE) and root mean square error (RMSE) indicates that the results of the present study are better than those of Frey4 (Fig. The uncertainties associated with the status and fate of Karakoram glaciers are attributed mainly to deficient information48, particularly ice thickness measurement. Batura Glacier Trek Package 2023 | Book Your Trip With Us Now. On the Errors Involved in Ice-Thickness Estimates III: Error in Volume. In the upper-right of the image, pockets of cultivated vegetation alongside the Gilgit and Hunza rivers can be spotted. The geodetic survey was conducted along the stakes. J. Glaciol. An impulse radar system with separate transmitter and receiver, frequency centered at 5MHz, antenna length of 10m, and wavelength of 33.8nm was used in this study. Li H, Li Z, Zhang M, Li W. An Improved Method Based On Shallow Ice Approximation to Calculate Ice Thickness Along Flow-Line and Volume of Mountain Glaciers. exceeds 50cm according to our field survey. The Relative Efficacy of Fluvial and Glacial Erosion Over Modern to Orogenic Timescales. Grtner-Roer I, et al. Nolan M, Motkya RJ, Echelmeyer K, Trabant DC. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. 49, 473480 (2003). Ramsankaran R, Pandit A, Azam MF. This work aimed to verify the. Post-20th century near-steady state of Batura Glacier: observational evidence of Karakoram Anomaly. The ice surface elevation change and emergence velocity of 2010s are computed using the velocity values derived by Rankl et al.8 and topography by Brun et al.32, respectively. Azam MF, et al. The traverse uses 51 of the Biafo Glacier's 67 km and all of the Hispar Glacier to form a 100 km (62 mi) glacial route. Hasson, S., Bohner, J. The equation of mass conservation, applied to a glacier tongue, indicates two major processes potentially driving the glacier surface elevation change17,18: (i) ablation at the glacier surface and (ii) net ice flux from upstream to downstream. Brun, F., Berthier, E., Wagnon, P., Kb, A. Nye, J. F. The Flow of a Glacier in a Channel of Rectangular, Elliptic Or Parabolic Cross-Section. However, owing primarily to the large scale and gentle slope in the trunk of Batura, valley walls support part of the glaciers weight. In addition, glaciers here have displayed an unusual behavior during the past decades: an absence of significant area variations7, rather, frequent advances and surge activities8,9. Driedger CL, Kennard PM. Meanwhile, the mass gain in the accumulation area marginally covered the mass loss of the middle and downstream parts, resulting in an overall marginal negative mass balance (Table1). In the upper-right of the image, pockets of cultivated vegetation alongside the Gilgit and Hunza rivers can be spotted. Here, we used an intermediate value assuming that the depth-averaged velocity is 90% of the surface velocity61. This strategy would be particularly relevant to the determination of tongue-average surface mass balance change in glaciers about which observational data are limited. The background is a true color image derived from the Landsat scene on September 9, 2017 (https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/). 1) was measured again by using GPR. In this week's edition of the Earth from Space programme, the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission takes us over Batura Glacier - one of the largest and longest gla. / 36.533N 74.650E / 36.533; 74.650. We observed that the maximum basal shear stress of 100 kPa was suitable for ice thickness calculation at P06 and P08 (both over 3000m a.s.l. Moreover, the mass conservation equation was applied to the Batura tongue, in combination with surface elevation variation and ice flux evolution. 49, 17 (2003). Debris impact cannot be omitted in ice thickness calculation. Batura I : Climbing, Hiking & Mountaineering : SummitPost The total area of Batura Glacier is 290 Square Kilometers and 58 kilometer in length. \({\langle \frac{{\varphi }_{FGb}-{\varphi }_{FGf}}{A}\rangle }_{yr1-yr2}\) is the average emergence velocity (ve) of the flux portion between year 1 and year 2. J. of Geophys. BATURA GLACIER TREK : Climbing, Hiking & Mountaineering - SummitPost yr1yr2 indicates the average between year 1 and year 2. The area of Batura glacier was 380 km 2 in 1977 as compared to 351 km 2 in 2014, respectively. The altitude of each profile is presented under the profile name as a blue number in brackets. To obtain A Review of the Use of Radio-Echo Sounding in Glaciology. Meanwhile, accurate data on ice thickness is important for ice flux calculation. The upper right map shows the location of Batura Glacier, the Karakoram Mountain region, and Indus Basin. Lin, H., Li, G., Cuo, L., Hooper, A. However, an increase in mass balance post 2000 indicates that the glacier ice volume has been increasingly positive. Draft Genome Sequence of a Cold-Adapted - PubMed The black thick line is the glacier outline of Batura that we used in this study, modified from the newest Glacier Inventory of Pakistan. Because of its important geographical position and valuable historical records, Batura Glacier would be a more appropriate representative for studying glacier changes in the Karakoram region. Geosci. The selected 20 glaciers extend from the latitude of 35 33-3654 N and longitude of 73 48-75 49 E inside the Hunza basin (Sivaranjani et al. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate. Contrasting Patterns of Early Twenty-First-Century Glacier Mass Change in the Himalayas. The authors declare no competing interests. ADS Baltoro glacier in the Karakoram, Pakistan, is one of the world's largest valley glaciers. The emergence velocities of periods I and II were from the field survey by BGIG27 and satellite-derived velocity by Rankl et al.8, respectively. After standard propagation of these errors, the total uncertainties of surface mass balance vary from 1.29m a1 of ice at the high section to 0.73m a1 of ice at the low section (Table2). Drewry DJ, Jordan SR, Jankowski E. Measured Properties of the Antarctic Ice Sheet: Surface Configuration, Ice Thickness, Volume and Bedrock Characteristics. Ice thickness of Batura Glacier. Topography of Batura Glacier with ice thickness measurement and ICESat footprint. X. Zou, J. Wu, S. Hussain, and M.A. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Of this, over 70% is in the Karakoram region3. 3, 8391 (1982). Results from short-term observations cannot be in accordance with the real climate change. Meanwhile, the mean rates of change in glacier surface were initially positive above 4000m and 3650m according to ASTER DEM and the ICESat data, respectively. Batura Glacier trek is an incredibly beautiful trek of such scenery. J. Glaciol. Rankl, M., Kienholz, C. & Braun, M. Glacier Changes in the Karakoram Region Mapped by Multimission Satellite Imagery. Zhang, X., Chen, J. 1).The glacier basin is 48% glacierised and immediately surrounded by several major peaks of the Karakoram that reach summit altitudes >7000 m in the south and >5500 m in the north.The glacier is ca. Figure2a illustrates the remarkable agreement between the measurement and simulation results of this study. This strategy would be particularly relevant to the determination of tongue-average surface mass balance change in glaciers about which observational data are limited. Peshawar. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The green dots indicate ICESat footprints with different elevation range. According to our calculation, the total ice volume of Batura in 2000 is estimated as 18.884.79 km3 (Table1). Glaciers are important water resources and exceptionally sensitive indicators of climate change. The Batura Glacier is fourth longest glacier in the world. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Post-20th century near-steady state of Batura Glacier: observational The surface mass balance (i.e., surface ablation) of the early period was acquired from stake observations of 1974197527. Learn more about how Copernicus Sentinel-2 can help enhance glacier monitoring. The thickness values were calculated from gravity observations with topographic, bouguer, and latitudinal correction (BGIG, 1976). The difference between GPR measurements and ground-based gravimetric analysis for measuring ice thickness of glaciers is apparent. The mean ice thickness change with altitude is shown in (b). 2017YFA0603101) and International Partnership Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No.131C11KYSB20160061). & Scambos, T. New Velocity Map and Mass-Balance Estimate of Mertz Glacier, East Antarctica, Derived From Landsat Sequential Imagery. The rate of surface elevation change of Batura Glacier is determined from point measurements recordeds between 1974 and 2017 (Fig. Science. The optimal parameterization of minimum variance was selected to obtain the final ice thickness distribution. In this week's edition of the Earth from Space programme, the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission takes us over Batura Glacier - one of the largest and longest glaciers in the world, outside of the polar regions. As a standard tool in glacier ice thickness measurement at present, GPR has established its suitability for glaciological use with less uncertainty than gravimetric analysis46,47. Wazir participated in the field survey. It reflects that the equilibrium line has moved downward post 2000. It is found in the West Himalayan region, including northern Pakistan and the border area between western Xizang of China and adjacent northwestern India. 41661144025). & Huang, M. Development of the Hot Water Jet of Model Glacier-2 and its Application On the Hailuogou Glacier. in Fig. A Decreasing Glacier Mass Balance Gradient From the Edge of the Upper Tarim Basin to the Karakoram During 20002014. 4) and along the elevation gradient (Fig. A remarkable meltdown and retreat was observed near the terminus during 19742000. Sci Rep 10, 987 (2020). These lakes are categorized according to risk, 52 glacial lakes identified in this region. Earth from Space - Batura Glacier, Pakistan - SpaceRef Measuring the thickness of selected glaciers for mapping subglacial topography, calculating ice volumes and ice flux are therefore required more from recent developed various calibrating methods. Ann Glaciol (2009). The velocity values are available from two data sources. Batura Trek - explore Batura valley in Hunza Pakistan He supervised the study. The equation of mass conservation, applied to a glacier tongue, indicates two major processes potentially driving the glacier surface elevation change17,18: (i) ablation at the glacier surface and (ii) net ice flux from upstream to downstream. The tongue-averaged mass balance diminished by more than half from the 1970s to the 2010s. Nye JF. This work aimed to verify the variation in glacier mass by collecting ground-based data. In summary, we inferred a near-steady state of Batura Glacier post 2000 based on the above-mentioned evidence of Karakoram Anomaly. The major conclusion had originated from remotely sensed glacier surface elevation variation of either points (satellite laser altimetry) or surfaces (digital elevation models)1216. Correspondence to Zhou, Y., Zhiwei, L. I. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Determination of Total Ice Volume and Ice-Thickness Distribution of Two Glaciers in the Hohe Tauern Region, Eastern Alps, From GPR Data. Plewes LA, Hubbard B. Bolch T, Pieczonka T, Mukherjee K, Shea J. Consequently, to understand the change in the thinning rate (h, left-hand term in Eq. In general, 150 kPa was used empirically as the maximum basal shear stress in estimating slope-dependent thickness over glaciers of the Karakoram region4,42,43. 1) using ground penetration radar (GPR). We have also determined the changes in ice surface elevation using ASTER DEM data32 (Fig. Their distribution for all the glacier cells is then interpolated from the ice thickness at the randomly selected cells and at the glacier margins.

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