[18], The Fatimids maintained trade relations with the Italian city-states like Amalfi and Genoa before the Crusades, according to the Cairo Geniza documents. The Mediterranean Sea encompasses a vast number of islands, some of them of volcanic origin. The Central Indian Ridge runs east of the Mediterranean Sea south-east across the in-between[clarification needed] of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula into the Indian Ocean. The sea remained strategically important. The large experience[clarification needed] of member states and regional authorities has led to exchange[of what?] Underlain by oceanic crust, the sea basin was once thought to be a tectonic remnant of the ancient Tethys Ocean; it is now known to be a structurally younger basin, called the Neotethys, which was first formed by the convergence of the African and Eurasian plates during the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic. The countries have tried to extinguish rising human-made chaotic zones[clarification needed] that might affect the region's economies and societies in neighbouring coastal countries, and shipping routes. The Viking raids further disrupted the trade in western Europe and brought it to a halt. It is estimated that there are more than 17,000 marine species in the Mediterranean Sea with generally higher marine biodiversity in coastal areas, continental shelves, and decreases with depth.[116]. Moutin, T., Van Wambeke, F., and Prieur, L. (2012). The caliph al-Mustansir had allowed Amalfian merchants to reside in Jerusalem about 1060 in place of the Latin hospice. The Mediterranean basin and sea system were established by the ancient African-Arabian continent colliding with the Eurasian continent. The coastline extends for 46,000km (28,600 miles). Known as the Challenger Deep, it is 35,768 to 36,037 feet deep - almost 7 miles (11 kilometers). In the, On the east: A line joining Cape Lilibeo the western point of Sicily (, On the west: The northeastern and eastern limits of the Western Basin, A 30cm (12in) rise in sea level would flood 200 square kilometres (77sqmi) of the, This page was last edited on 7 July 2023, at 18:59. [69] Evaporation is especially high in its eastern half, causing the water level to decrease and salinity to increase eastward. A large number of rivers drain into the Mediterranean Sea including the Ebro, Rhone, Po, Nile, Tiber, etc. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 created the first salt-water passage between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. [71], The net water influx from the Atlantic Ocean is ca. Deep-sea Atlas of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: state-of-the-art Giorgi, F. (2006). Estimates of phytoplankton class-specific and total primary production in the Mediterranean Sea from satellite ocean color obser- vations: primary production in the mediterranean. Major cities (municipalities), with populations larger than 200,000 people, bordering the Mediterranean Sea include: The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) divides the Mediterranean into a number of smaller waterbodies, each with their own designation (from west to east):[38]. [44] These are the only three rivers with an average discharge of over 1,000m3/s (35,000cuft/s). The Mediterranean Sea has an average depth of 1,500m (4,900ft) and the deepest recorded point is 5,109m (16,762ft) 1m (3ft) in the Calypso Deep in the Ionian Sea. The North Atlantic is considerably colder and more nutrient-rich than the Mediterranean, and the marine life of the Mediterranean has had to adapt to its differing conditions in the five million years since the basin was reflooded. Twenty-two countries border the Mediterranean Sea. How deep is the Mediterranean Sea near Israel? | NavigueWeb The construction of the Aswan High Dam across the Nile River in the 1960s reduced the inflow of freshwater and nutrient-rich silt from the Nile into the Eastern Mediterranean, making conditions there even more like the Red Sea and worsening the impact of the invasive species. 168 p. Politische Geographien Europas: Annherungen an ein umstrittenes Konstrukt, Anke Strver, LIT Verlag Mnster, 2005, p. 43. However, the deepest known part of the World Ocean is Challenger Deep, which has a depth of about 11 km. Once, most of the trade between Western Europe and the East was passing through the region, but after the 1490s the development of a sea route to the Indian Ocean allowed the importation of Asian spices and other goods through the Atlantic ports of western Europe.[24][25][26]. Here is where the vast majority of water exchange occurs. [23], The development of oceanic shipping began to affect the entire Mediterranean. Calypso Deep is the deepest part of the Mediterranean Sea, located in the Hellenic Trench, Ionian Sea, 62.6 km south-west of Pylos, Greece, with a maximum depth of 5,109 m (16,762 ft). What is the deepest place in the Mediterranean Sea? As a consequence, the river discharges of the Rhne and Po are similar to that of the Nile, despite the latter having a much larger basin. Deep-sea ecosystems represent the largest biome of the global biosphere, but knowledge of their biodiversity is still scant. It has often been called the incubator of Western civilization. The Calypso Deep, the deepest point in the Mediterranean Sea, is located in the Ionian Sea and reaches a depth of 5,267 m. The Ionian Sea is also widely known for being one of the world's most seismically active regions. Mediterranean Sea water masses: vertical distribution Briand, F. This transitory switch in the origin of deep waters in the eastern Mediterranean was termed Eastern Mediterranean Transient (EMT) and had major consequences on water circulation of the Mediterranean. The history of the Mediterranean region is crucial to understanding the origins and development of many modern societies. Red Sea, Arabic Al-Bar Al-Amar, narrow strip of water extending southeastward from Suez, Egypt, for about 1,200 miles (1,930 km) to the Bab el-Mandeb Strait, which connects with the Gulf of Aden and thence with the Arabian Sea. The term Mare Mediterrneum appears later: Solinus apparently used this in the 3rd century, but the earliest extant witness to it is in the 6th century, in Isidore of Seville. The northsouth length varies greatly between different shorelines and whether only straight routes are considered. Calypso Deep - Wikipedia Climate Dynamics, 45(910): 27752802, Uitz, J., Stramski, D., Gentili, B., D'Ortenzio, F., and Claustre, H. (2012). This, however, had the indirect effect of promoting trade across the Caspian Sea. Updated on February 24, 2019 The Mediterranean Sea is a large sea or body of water that is located between Europe, northern Africa, and southwestern Asia. The sea has an average depth of about 1,500 m and a maximum depth of 5,267 m at its deepest point, the Calypso Deep in the Ionian Sea. Mediterranean Sea - WorldAtlas The Suez Canal connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea, making it the shortest maritime route to Asia from Europe. The Major Subdivisions Of The Mediterranean Sea - WorldAtlas The deepest known spot in the ocean is devoid of light, exceeds 6.5 miles deep and packs 1,000 times the pressure of dry land. Many marine species have been almost wiped out because of the sea's pollution. The Mediterranean Sea has an average depth of 1,500 m (4,900 ft) and the deepest recorded point is 5,109 m (16,762 ft) 1 m (3 ft) in the Calypso Deep in the Ionian Sea. [119], The region has a variety of geological hazards, which have closely interacted with human activity and land use patterns. It is near Pylos, Greece, and it has an estimated maximum depth of 17,280 feet. Geography of the Mediterranean Sea - ThoughtCo ], Water circulation in the Mediterranean can be attributed to the surface waters entering from the Atlantic through the Strait of Gibraltar (and also low salinity water entering the Mediterranean from the Black Sea through the Bosphorus). Whatever wording is chosen, they represent a threat to the native Mediterranean biodiversity, because they are non-indigenous to this sea. How deep is the ocean? - NOAA Ocean Exploration This makes the Canal the first pathway of arrival of alien species into the Mediterranean. Also including longitudinal changes, the shortest shipping route between the multinational Gulf of Trieste and the Libyan coastline of the Gulf of Sidra is about 1,900 kilometres (1,200mi). Some of the ports located on the Sea of Crete include Perama, Limin Kos, Pakh Oil Terminal, and Sitia among others. [146], Tourism is today one of the most important sources of income for many Mediterranean countries, despite the human-made geopolitical conflicts[clarification needed] in the region. The sea was an important route for merchants and travellers of ancient times, facilitating trade and cultural exchange between the peoples of the region. 10 Deepest Sea in the World - Depth - DeepOceanFacts.com (2007); Attilio Brilli "Quando viaggiare era un'arte. The sea provided routes for trade, colonization, and war, as well as food (from fishing and the gathering of other seafood) for numerous communities throughout the ages. Specialized equipment that the Navy used to recover an F-18 fighter jet from the Mediterranean last July has arrived in Saint John 's, Newfoundland, to take part in the search for a missing . From then on, and especially after World War II, mass tourism to the Mediterranean began with all its advantages and disadvantages. Climate change and coastal management on Europe's coast, in: Vermaat, J.E. 2nd Edition. Nile River - National Geographic Society Barbarossa, the Ottoman captain is a symbol of this domination with the victory of the Battle of Preveza (1538). It lies between latitudes 30 and 46 N and longitudes 6 W and 36 E. CIESM Publishers, Paris, Monaco. Based on a broad variety of methods, e.g. December 2019; Marcus Hernig: Die Renaissance der Seidenstrae (2018), pp 112; Hans Reis "Der Suezkanal die wichtigste von Menschen geschaffene Wasserstrasse wurde vor 150 Jahren gebaut und war oft umkmpft" In: Neue Zrcher Zeitung 17 November 2019; Bernhard Simon: Can The New Silk Road Compete With The Maritime Silk Road? Sediment samples from the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea that include evaporite minerals, soils, and fossil plants show that about 5 million years ago the strait was topographically blocked and the Sea had evaporated into a deep basin far lower in elevation than the oceans. Underwater calcarenite ridges (with hard substrate) are particularly common in northern Israel continental shelf up to a depth of approximately 40 m. Contents show 1 How deep is the bottom of the Mediterranean Deep-Sea Biodiversity in the Mediterranean Sea: The Known, the - PLOS However, the Norsemen developed the trade from Norway to the White Sea, while also trading in luxury goods from Spain and the Mediterranean.

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